[28] Angered by this seeming treachery, the French attacked again, this time without quarter and with devastating result. [35] The year 1643 ended in a stalemate, which was enough of a success for France. On May 19th, 1643, the armies of Spain and the kingdom of France faced a decisive battle next to the small fortress of Rocroi, in northern France. The batt… [18] The Spanish expected a decisive victory which would compel the French to negotiate peace. [citation needed], The elderly Spanish infantry general Paul-Bernard de Fontaines, from the Spanish Netherlands and known to the Spanish as de Fuentes, suffered from gout, and was carried into battle and killed. Despite receiving overtures of peace amid the precarious domestic situation, the new French minister Cardinal Mazarin did not wish to end the war, and exerted French military pressure on Franche-Comté, Catalonia, and the Spanish Netherlands. Despite this, the battle was of great symbolic importance because of the high reputation of the Army of Flanders. The Spanish horsemen were routed, and Enghien moved against the elite Spanish infantrymen, which had engaged their French counterparts and were besting them. In 1635, fearing a peace too favorable to the House of Habsburg following a string of Protestant defeats, France decided to intervene directly and declared war on the Empire and Spain, despite France being a Catholic power which had suppressed its own Huguenot rebellions. [21] The French horsemen on the right under Jean de Gassion pushed back the Spanish cavalry opposite, and Enghien followed up by swiftly charging the exposed Spanish left flank. A vital logistics hub, Rocroi commanded the route to the valley of the Oise. The Spanish army was virtually destroyed. …of the royal army at Rocroi (May 19, 1643). Turning to alliance with England, he defeated the Spanish at the Battle of the Dunes and took Dunkirk in 1658, leading to the Treaty of the Pyrenees in 1659. Scegli tra immagini premium su Rocroi della migliore qualità. [38], A 2006 Spanish movie, Alatriste, directed by Agustín Díaz Yanes, portrays this battle in its final scene. The Spanish commander Melo reported his losses at 6,000 casualties and 4,000 captured in his report to Madrid two days after the battle. The Battle of Rocroi was fought on 19 May 1643, late in the Thirty Years' War. However, a Spanish deserter informed Enghien of this and he destroyed them in the early hours of 19 May. At the same time, the French cavalry on the left, against Enghien's orders, attacked the Spanish right and were repulsed. The proof of strength was important for France. Although Spain looked to be all-powerful as late as 1652, the peace settlement reflected the demise of Spain's mastery of Europe in the late 1650s. [30], French losses were about 4,000. Abroad, it showed that France remained strong despite its 4-year-old king. Above all, Francisco de Melo is remembered for the defeat at the battle of Rocroi in 1643. At 5:00 AM the main battle began with a French cavalry charge. Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}49°55′10″N 4°31′40″E / 49.91944°N 4.52778°E / 49.91944; 4.52778, The Battle of Rocroi, fought on 19 May 1643, was a major engagement of the Thirty Years' War. This contribution has not yet been formally edited by Britannica. At Rocroi, the young Duke of Enghien, later Prince of Condé, won his first victory, defeating the Spanish tercios formations that had long been in the ascendant. [22] The Spanish mounted a counter-attack, initially very successful, but their advance was eventually halted by French reserves. Multiple primary sources, sometimes contradictory, are brought together through good analysis and an understanding of the period. Rocroi is regarded as the graveyard of the myth of invincibility of the Spanish Tercios, the terrifying infantry units that had dominated European battlefields for 120 years up to that point. The battle established the reputation of the 21-year-old Enghien, whose numerous victories would win him the name "the Great Condé". During the night, Spain had slipped 1,000 musketeers into woods on their left flank, hoping to surprise any French cavalry charge. [32] Of the 7,000 Spanish infantry, only 390 officers and 1,386 enlisted men were able to escape back to the Spanish Netherlands. Corrections? Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. It was fought between a French army led by the 21-year-old Duke of Enghien (later known as the Great Condé) and Spanish forces under General Francisco de Melo, only five days after the accession of Louis XIV to the throne of France following his father's death. Free 2-day shipping. [36] Melo in his report to the king called it "the most considerable defeat there has ever been in these provinces". While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. The French army was arranged in two lines of infantry in the center, squadrons of cavalry on each wing, and a thin line of artillery at the front. He ordered his army forward through the only available approach, a defile between woods and marshes the Spanish had failed to block. The Spanish army was similarly positioned, but with the center infantry in their traditional "tercio" squares, with some 8,000 highly trained Spanish in front and mercenary infantry behind them. Rocroi shattered the myth of invincibility of the Spanish Tercios, the terrifying infantry units that had dominated European battlefields for the previous 120 years. This plan worked with stunning success. It was the greatest French victory for a century and was due, beyond doubt, to his personal effort. The French left wing was routed and the Spanish cavalry wheeled around against the infantry in the center. When Enghien personally rode forward to take their surrender, however, some of the Spanish apparently believed that this was the beginning of a French cavalry charge and opened fire on him. The ensuing French campaign against the Spanish forces in Flanders culminated with a decisive French victory at the battle of Rocroi in May 1643. From 1618 on, the Thirty Years' War had raged in Germany, with the Catholic Austrian and Spanish Habsburgs fighting the Protestant states. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. battaglia di rocroi. [16] He decided on an attack before de Melo's forces could be reinforced, against the advice of his older subordinate commanders. The soundtrack features in this scene a funeral march, La Madrugá, composed by Colonel Abel Moreno for the Holy Week of Seville, played by the band of the Infantry Regiment "Soria" No. The Battle of Honnecourt in May 1642 had opened the way towards Paris, and the renowned Spanish Army of Flanders advanced through the Ardennes into northern France with 27,000 men, hoping to relieve pressure on Catalonia and in Franche-Comté. Accordingly, the Spanish army formed up between the French and Rocroi, and both sides prepared for battle the next day. The battle began early in the morning of 19 May on open farmland in front of Rocroi[20] with a French cavalry attack on the Spanish left. 9, the successor of the "bloody Tercio" which participated in the battle, the oldest unit in the Spanish Army. Despite the triumph of its ally Sweden at the Second Battle of Breitenfeld, France found itself in a vulnerable position in 1643. Enghien advanced to meet de Melo's numerically superior army along the Meuse river. With the marshal de Turenne,…. It resulted in a victory of the French army under the Duc d'Enghien, against the … The Battle of Rocroi was fought on 19 May 1643 - mere days after the passing of Louis XIII of France that left his five-year old son Louis XIV of France on the throne - late in the Thirty Years' War. He followed his success at Rocroi with successes in the area of the Rhine at Thionville and Sierck. [26], Despite heavy artillery fire and the death of their commander de Fontaines, the Spanish absorbed additional French cavalry attacks without breaking formation. By 8:00 AM all of the Spanish cavalry had been dispersed and their only coherent formation was their central infantry. Map of France in 1643 [37] Cardinal Mazarin had maneuvering space to cope with the Fronde, then slowly to turn the tide against the Spanish in France and in the Low Countries. Rocroi 1643 (fr): Amazon.it: Stéphane Thion: Libri in altre lingue Selezione delle preferenze relative ai cookie Utilizziamo cookie e altre tecnologie simili per migliorare la tua esperienza di acquisto, per fornire i nostri servizi, per capire come i nostri clienti li utilizzano in modo da poterli migliorare e per visualizzare annunci pubblicitari. Late on 18 May, Enghien deployed his army on a plain near the town. These articles have not yet undergone the rigorous in-house editing or fact-checking and styling process to which most Britannica articles are customarily subjected. A flandriai fronton, a francia Rocroi (régies írásmóddal Rocroy, ejtsd „rokruá”) erődített városa mellett zajlott (ma: Ardennes megye). The following decades would see supremacy in Europe move slowly from Habsburg Spain to Bourbon France, as the absolute monarchy in France overpowered the Spanish imperial power. Battle of Rocroi, (May 19, 1643), a military engagement of the Thirty Years’ War in which a French army of 22,000 men, under the Duke d’Enghien (later known as the Great Condé), annihilated a Spanish army of 26,000 men under Don Francisco de Melo, marking the end of Spain’s military ascendancy in Europe. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Rocroi 1643 is a welcome look at French and Spanish forces. On 17 May, he learned the king had died, but kept the news secret from his army. Learning of the French advance, de Melo decided to engage the oncoming forces rather than invest in the siege, as he deemed his army stronger. Enghien was able to divide his right into two parts, one to pursue the Spanish left and the other to attack their right and center. He then smashed through the back of the Spanish infantry in the center and went on to crash into the rear of the Spanish right-flank cavalry that had engaged his reserves. French forces in the area numbered 23,000. Le migliori offerte per H&C VAE VICTIS #11 con Rocroi 1643 MOLTO BUONO + sono su eBay Confronta prezzi e caratteristiche di prodotti nuovi e usati Molti articoli con consegna gratis! In 1643 his success at the Battle of Rocroi , in which he led the French army to an unexpected and decisive victory over the Spanish, established him as a great general and popular hero in France. TheInfoList.com - (Battle_of_Rocroi) Danish War (1625–1629) hr / !-- lia href= At home, it was seen as a good omen for the new king's reign, and secured the power of Anne of Austria as queen regent for the four-year-old Louis XIV, and of the newly-appointed prime minister Cardinal Mazarin. Um den französischen Druck auf Katalonien zu entschärfen und eine Invasion der Freigrafschaft (Franche-Comté) zu verhindern, beschloss der spanische Befehlshaber, der Gouverneur der Spanischen Niederlande, Herzog Francisco de Melo (oder Mello), die französische Festung von Rocroi im heutigen französischen Département Ardennes anzugreifen. Questions or concerns? Spain: Galland Books, 2011. pp. XII (Age of Louis XIV) - Online Library of Liberty", "Paul Bernard de Fontaine (1576 - 1643), señor de Fougerolles, Conde del S.R.I. Articles such as this one were acquired and published with the primary aim of expanding the information on Britannica.com with greater speed and efficiency than has traditionally been possible. Stampato con attenzione ai dettagli sulla vera tela dell'artista. The battle was still inconclusive, with both armies succeeding on their right but bloodied on their left. Great Battles ROCROI FRANCE, 19 MAY 1643 WORDS TOM GARNER 94 HWB2550.rocroi.indd 94 05/12/2018 11:26 ROCROI Spanish and French OPPOSING FORCES armies clash in pike and shot formation, in a decisive contest that will change the course vs of the Thirty Years’ SPAIN FRANCE LEADERS LEADERS War and the balance of Don Francisco de Melo INFANTRY 19,000 Louis duc … [13], En route, the Spanish troops under Francisco de Melo laid siege to the fortified town of Rocroi. December 1642 brought the death of Cardinal Richelieu, chief minister to Louis XIII of France, followed by the king's death on 14 May 1643, and his four year-old son Louis XIV inherited the throne. Jacob F. Field is an early modern historian based at the University of Cambridge.
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