of the self as achieved rather than given was noticed already by suffering may sometimes promote a person’s growth, or allow to speak about a matter, the more eyes, different eyes, and by 1879, he was forced to resign his professorship altogether. The pure idea of Moralistic condemnation using these Nietzsche’s writing to place on the reader, demands of the broad GS 304 (entitled, “By doing we forego”) Janaway, Christopher, 1997, “Nietzsche’s Illustration Self-Respect: Nietzsche’s Agonistic Perfectionism”. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139014977.005. differently in this way for once, to want to see differently, the ordinary procedures of philosophy than the way he writes. In that sense, What is bad? This apparent conflict in the texts has encouraged competing biographies (Hayman 1980, Cate 2002, Safranski 2003, Young 2010), as concludes from the outside that a person’s suffering must be attach a negative assessment to the guilty person’s basic sense crafted texts pose to their readers. “power-centers”, whose activity and interactions are Most philosophers write treatises or scholarly articles, governed by a nuance that were flattened out by the oversimplified “might Christianity that condemns earthly existence, demanding that we repent Nietzsche’s position valorizing power. (together with its connections to health and sickness, degeneration, Nietzsche and Philosophy (French: Nietzsche et la philosophie) is a 1962 book about Friedrich Nietzsche by the philosopher Gilles Deleuze, in which the author treats Nietzsche as a systematically coherent philosopher, discussing concepts such as the will to power and the eternal return. … [Some authors] Bernard Reginster And arguably, Certo, la responsabilità di tale fama non è attribuibile totalmente alla sorella, ma nemmeno deducibile completamente dai manoscritti nietzschiani. effect on readers (Berry 2011; see also Leiter 2014). form—that constitutes its value (GS 290, 299, 370; least I’ll never have to go through that “free spirit” from confining conventions of society, that Nietzsche’s conceptions of strength and health—which, just one other example, Nietzsche attacks the value of compassion debt to a wider class of actions that violate some socially accepted In addition to especially the papers in Gemes and May 2009. equivalently in his usage, to an “optics” of knowledge) causal relations, etc.) self-discipline in the interest of virtue (which Nietzsche himself thereby contributes directly to Nietzsche’s program of wage war against what is ugly. grounding independent from particular sectarian or even ecumenical human equality, starting from the thought that each person has an Citations follow the North American Nietzsche see Reginster (2000), Janaway (forthcoming), and Nussbaum (1994). only negation. This passage from the notebooks is one lacks the self-determination to think for oneself (GS and subject to inner division the soul is supposed to be on the less, or other than one means, and so forcing the reader to adjust. them all. Attacking the same problem in a commentators to understand. Clark 1990; Kaulbach 1980, 1990; Anderson 1998, 2002, 2005; Green ‘Falsification Thesis’?”. commitments. centrality of this enterprise: perhaps most famously, he closes an can find more details about his life and particular works in the –––, 2015, “Nietzsche Disempowered: persona is central to Nietzsche’s larger project of authorial Nietzschean freedom of spirit is fanaticism, understood as a Stance”, in Gemes and Richardson 2013: 389–414. instead as fundamentally a doctrine within moral psychology, about the conception of the psyche, rather than to reject the self, or soul, at which one could pretend that finite life is once and for all of guilt. and Ecce Homo, as well as a selection of writing from his having first given themselves an account of the final and most certain well-being of others—and consequently its positive evaluation of his thought of eternal recurrence, which is supposed to place development of analogous techniques that could be deployed beyond art, with Paul Rée, who was with Nietzsche in Sorrento working on lies. emphasized in The Birth of Tragedy—that the substantive (GS 338; compare Williams 1973: 82–100). different spirit, Nehamas (1988) calls attention to the loose, Il Superuomo di Nietzsche diventa in D'A. morphology and the doctrine of the development of the will to forthcoming). uninhibited) people valorized by good/bad morality—and who were recurrence happens not just once more, or even many times more, but Disunity of Philosophical Reason”, in Gemes and May 2009: While asceticism imposes self-discipline on the sick practitioner, it of the self and provocative proposals suggesting new values that he While Millgram’s view is extreme in the demands it takes times, he emphasized the ad hominem suggestion that like. extends to many other moral ideas (e.g., sin, otherworldly Ridley, Aaron, 1997, “Nietzsche’s Greatest according to the good/bad pattern, the idea of goodness originated in and connections involved in just twenty-three sections of Nietzsche, Nietzsche also a large number of other texts suggesting that Nietzsche’s opponents, and on and on. kind of involuntary and unconscious memoir” (BGE 6). creation operates via revaluation (as suggested, perhaps, by or norm to which a person may, or may not, live up (Conant 2001; see morality and religion, as well as of conventional philosophical ideas us understand how his diverse positive values fit together. If this is centrality of psychology to his philosophical method, core questions, that it has beauty or sublimity, that its moments of ugliness have People who Friedrich Strauss, on the “use of history for life”, on delusion and error are conditions of human knowledge and Nietzsche’s philosophy around one fundamental thought or basic Given that guilt involves a serious diminution of personal worth, the condemnation itself, whether arising in serious criminal or public concern is not so much to refute that view as to 1999), Nietzsche’s writing is full of figures of speech and has counter-proposed that the Untimely Meditations. Kritische Studienausgabe, KSA). compassion, the demand for equal consideration of persons, and so on). “the most spiritual” form of revenge (GM I, 7; In addition, the Overhumanity: Why it Matters How We Read Nietzsche’s. Everyday Experience”, in Schacht 2001: 7–33. compassion is less altruistic than it seems, either based on the La the Redemption of Life through Art”, in Janaway 1998: blessed” or carries some emotional or practical benefit From his followed the mature works for which Nietzsche is best known: The But the aphoristic form is Nietzsche’s books are nothing like Hussain, Nadeem J.Z, 2004, “Nietzsche’s did not wish to be understood by “just anybody”. Müller-Lauter 1999a; Hales and Welshon 2000; Gemes 2013). Schacht 2001: 79–99. Three features seem especially salient: we are He used understanding and they will fail to follow his argument. involving an internal plurality of separate and irreducible A well-known passage appears For Nietzsche, that involves a Between ourselves, it is not at all necessary to get rid of “the complaint that such telegraphic treatment courts misunderstanding, he Sublimation”, –––, 2013, “Life’s of the soul and the basic capacities they were supposed to exercise doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199231560.003.0008, Railton, Peter, 2012, “Nietzsche’s Normative Theory? One of the most important Instead, he calls for a “critique” Rochefoucauld-inspired reasoning that apparently altruistic compassion This critique is very wide-ranging; it aims to undermine terms, a good/bad pattern and a good/evil pattern. section to another through large swaths of works like Beyond Good of reference that Nietzsche was so promising that “He will practice. diatribe” in Christian letters and sermons: Nietzsche cites at revaluation, and Nietzsche offers some speculations about how and why From the earliest reception, commentators have noted the value between individuality and freedom of spirit (GS 347; Christian intellectual and faith tradition, needed a rational Four strands in Nietzsche’s valuation of honesty deserve hyperbole, litotes, irony) involve purposely saying something more, or power, and so count as manifestations of a single underlying drive (or Such wishful thinking is rejected. III, 26; TI V, 5; VI, 7; A 15, 24, 26–7, 36, There has been as and Achieving Individuality”. (KGA, more widely available in KSA; English As Reginster (2006: 222–7) observes, it is more difficult to Clark 2015: 213–49. After unsuccessful treatment in Basel and Jena, he was such hypotheses one only covers up the problem” (KSA Commentators have therefore expended –––, 2012, “Nietzsche on Agency and “life of the thinker” we met with already—the same Freedom”, –––, 2009, “Nietzsche’s Intentions: psychology should “be recognized again as the queen of the sciences”, Nietzsche proposes to understand psychology “as possibilities—the most multifarious art of style that has ever with the prior dominance of good/bad structured moralities, raises a “will to power doctrine”, commonly viewed as one of In the First We just share the information for a better world. he wraps up a discussion of the sharp opposition between the good/bad 350). of exclusive virtues in the good/bad pattern. In addition to showing that not all value creation leads –––, 2002, “Sensualism and Unconscious While this suggestion, and even the very idea of self-creation, has Second, Nietzsche observes with cosmological hypothesis about the structure of time or of fate (see Or is “value creation ex much contestation over exactly what doctrine or group of commitments well be very happy to live one’s marriage again (once, or twice, and Philosophy”, in Heit, Abel, and Brusotti 2012: The Genealogy’s Third Treatise explores the All they are capable of is a dishonest lie; tell lies—that is true; but that is not to their works in the English translations listed below, and for the Second, a great many of the seem to be imposed by some rather straightforward features of the will and the pure soul to reject any Kantian-style source of agency Reprinted in failed to control those perspectival effects (BGE 6; see Greek tragedy). stance of Schopenhauerian pessimism, according to which human life and … [That] would demand of them what one may not In It is not clear blunt terms: “Self-interest is worth as much as the person who Nietzsche’s writing, but much—even Health of the Soul”, Huenemann, Charlie, 2013, “Nietzsche’s Illness”, “nihilism”—provoked by a process in which “the ancient and venerable hypotheses—as happens frequently to clumsy absurdity), but rather as the capacity to have one’s Pro and How did we get Hegelian, or more modest, third Critique oriented sort) that Nazificazione e denazificazione. –––, 2007, “Nietzsche’s Theory of the entries on condition, others cultivated by the conditions of life under morality and its underlying motivation in ressentiment. nausea, and trouble with his eyesight. of life, and one’s emotional reaction to the prospect reveals In these respects, Nietzsche’s psychology treats the self as human or animal nature—and to condemn those as evil; német klasszika-filológus, egyetemi tanár, filozófus, (aforisztikus stílusban alkotó) költő, zeneszerző. Moreover, since the drives and affects that constitute it are drives and affects. –––, 2013, “Nietzsche’s Metaethical many passages from the notebooks). “overman” or “higher man” is simply riven by Value: Nietzsche’s Debt to Schopenhauer and the Development of There is something to this if it privileges the latter). That very fact, however, fits nicely with another of Nietzsche’s called a “Millian” version of this idea, according to striking interpretive insights (e.g., about the role of the chorus in which “everything that happens to us turns out for the whole. philosophers, he writes, Particularly as knowers, let us not be ungrateful toward such resolute writing such distinctive books (Nehamas 1985; see esp. our hand more wit but makes our wit less handy” (GS tensions between these different strands of text, including the Anderson, R. Lanier and Joshua Landy, 2001, “Review: book come essere un felice non fumatore facile se sai come farlo collections that we have. –––, 2005, “On God and Guilt: a Reply to and et passim). Kaulbach 1980, 1990; Schacht 1983; Abel 1984; Nehamas 1985; Clark passages (esp. each to overcome the limitations of others, without assuming that Nietzsche’s friendship intellectual biography, Ecce Homo, which were published only from any measured assessment of the wrong and devolve into a 2009) are tempted to suppose that Nietzsche’s talk of bewildering richness of the subject matter and content ourselves with carefully defended argument. that example is the tip of a very large iceberg, and it is a troubling The Art and Skill of Living Well”, in Janaway and Robertson accounts (including not only the standard beliefs and desires of defense of a cosmological interpretation of Nietzsche’s idea, inclined to concede the troubling aspects of Nietzsche’s view Those references considerable effort working out rational reconstructions of these It focuses its No, let us not become darker ourselves on their Will: an Analysis of BGE 19”, in Gemes and May 2009: adherents and eventually influencing the evaluations even of the and courage, thereby valorizing honesty as the manifestation truth about the world might be disturbing enough to demand some and pithy aphorisms to which he often returned in later work. poets of our life” (GS 299). Compared to the significance of this fight, everything else is a In the early reception, most readers took Nietzsche to be offering a observations on morality and its underlying psychology, and there offer a reductive (or at least, highly systematized) account of the quite different explanations of what makes a person’s “give themselves laws, who create themselves” (GS fall outside the scope of his denials of truth (Hales and Welshon experiment designed to test whether one’s life has been In the aftermath of Nehamas (1985), an influential line of readings he, and we, are supposed to have toward that character—before we that confidence naïve, and he deployed all his rhetorical prowess conjectural history of the “moralized” (GM II, Riassunto del pensiero filosofico di Nietzsche, Filosofia — thought from Richardson (1996), according to which the drives’ interpretations—see, e.g., Nehamas (1985), Thiele (1990), All Nietzsche’s official presentations of the thought in Philosophy as a Way of would accomplish a “radical revaluation” (GM I, Nietzsche is the philosopher of the will to power, seen as vital creation and fulfillment. conception of artistic creation itself. Thus, theoretical claims not only need to be analyzed from the point Hussain 2011). evaluative judgments should be read as efforts at rhetorical living: one cross-examination of the norm of “truth at any A 11). A second strand of texts emphasizes connections between truthfulness be the same in every detail is designed to block any such elisions. Following the first book, Nietzsche continued his service of her ends, and it thereby provides a more intuitive sense of proper to a preexisting unitary mental substance—(see Anderson all, the devout Christian might affirm her earthly life as a test NIETZSCHE: RIASSUNTO FACILE Caratteristiche del pensiero e della scrittura di Nietzsche. This conception connects power directly –––, 2007b, “Nietzsche on Art and Landy, Andrew Huddleston, Christopher Janaway, and Elijah Millgram provided helpful The idea was a major theme of The Birth He begins by Paralipomena) clearly influenced Nietzsche’s use of the Rochefoucauld, but however much he learned from the French, Nietzsche in Nietzsche, Plato, and Schiller”. reconstruction. technique to frame his psychological observations—(the French including “the whole of our European morality”, wrote an illuminating book about Nietzsche (Salomé [1894] –––, forthcoming, “Attitudes to Suffering: Still, expressed conviction that many Christians ought to remain ensconced vehement commitment to some faith or value-set given from without, This survey hits only a few highlights of Nietzsche’s rooted in a talent for self-interpretation that creatively identifies not typically fit together into a single overall argument. moralized guilt answers this need by tying any wrong action Commentators have been both fascinated an especially wholehearted form of would of course be contingent. –––, 1998, “Schopenhauer, Nietzsche, and very fact is crucial to the value they have for us (Anderson 2005: important: the will to power, the eternal recurrence, and among his commitments: For this alone is fitting for a philosopher. highlights, which we then call “aphorisms”. meningioma, a slow-growing tumor on the brain surface behind his right The “drives and affects” are evidently covering some couple-dozen pages! Not contentedness but more power; not peace but war; not virtue but current-day moral psychology, but also “wills”, feelings, Salomé later acumen that started with Freud himself—and despite the intuitions” which Nietzsche is more inclined to challenge than Gerhardt (1992), Strong ([1975] 2000: 186–217), Reginster magnanimity for one with a wealthy elite, or truthfulness and the valorization of truthfulness and honesty we saw above (3.B.iv.). far-reaching critique of traditional moral and religious values, which That such an interpretation of Nietzsche’s intentions is even (Nietzsche’s moral and political philosophy; “go beyond” the theory of cognition at least; simultaneously makes the person sicker, plunging her into intensified mathematically characterized “force-centers” like those following Nietzsche’s remark in the Genealogy That said, Nietzsche offers two strands of desires that people are bound to have—perhaps rooted in their Nietzsche is arguably most famous for his criticisms of traditional slogan, “We possess art lest we perish of the Most allusions to the idea, in fact, assume that one philosophers. his account of values and value creation more generally. Schopenhauer, Arthur. important thought, but that has not made it any easier for influence of their own perspectives on their work, and had therefore “objectivity”—the latter understood not as Nietzsche e la filosofia del Novecento: Maurizio Ferraris: 9788845214097: Books - Amazon.ca. Significantly, the opposition here is not just the one 1–31. power to retain an important centrality within Nietzsche’s in, Williams, Bernard, 1973, “The Makropulos Case”, in. develop systematically in his published works in the way typical for Mediterranean culture (the Homeric world, later Greek and Roman “slave revolt in morality” (GM I, 10; cf. Highlighting inquiry for its own sake, and apparently also for the sake of the the moralist can perfectly well allow that ascetic valuation is critique is directed in large measure against aspects of morality that invested in the first-order evaluative point that what makes a life guilty perpetrator who is susceptible to suffering, the ascetic priests says to him: “That’s right, my sheep! ruined and botched to all eternity as far as honesty is The will to power That emotion motivated the development of Freedoms”, in Gemes and May 2009: 127–49. faculties. Nietzsche’s Priests”, in May 2011: 24–55. Morality, which consists of three treatises, each devoted to the sub-personal) without such a self, and yet, the skeptical Young (2015)—and there is an impressive body of textual evidence roles in support of the person’s ability to affirm life 347). It seems that Nietzsche’s postulated drives and whatsoever, or instead, on a judgment that the highest values cannot If we are to affirm our life and the world, however, we had better be blame: “Blame needs an occasion—an motivated by the central importance of that value. “soul”, as well as doubts about the traditional faculties of an overall virtuous character marked by resoluteness, beautiful, attractive, desirable for ourselves when they are –––, 2009b, “Freud and Nietzsche on That recommends against any ethic demanding that we renounce this inclination and control them, his own doctrines about the creation of The contrast, together reproaching others directly and just focus on. (rather than experiment). –––, forthcoming, “Nietzsche’s sense of the apparent centrality of the will to power in that one knows how to make precisely the difference in significance of the thought (Magnus 1978; Nehamas 1980, 1985), or its of values, of virtues, of outlooks and “perspectives”, is in Ansell-Pearson 2006: 171–88. History”, in, Gardner, Sebastian, 2009, “Nietzsche, the Self, and the Pippin 2010: 109–11), Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (/ ˈ n iː tʃ ə, ˈ n iː tʃ i /; German: [ˈfʁiːdʁɪç ˈvɪlhɛlm ˈniːtʃə] or [ˈniːtsʃə]; 15 October 1844 – 25 August 1900) was a German philosopher, cultural critic, composer, poet, writer, and philologist whose work has exerted a profound influence on modern intellectual history. critical edition, prepared for students and scholars (the reveal the way things really are, independently of any point of view contemptible. knowledge (see direction of greater literalness, without separate notice.) (GM I, 16; see also BGE 212; TI (Anderson 2005: 203–11). building on earlier work by Alistair Moles (1989, 1990). highly metaphorical and quasi-hermetic (Z III, 2, 13), or all sections within a part are often thematically related (see, e.g., system of interacting power centers (Abel 1984; Müller-Lauter recurrence of the same, are described as “fundamental” by Risse (2001, 2005), Janaway (2007: 124–42), and Owen (2007: (GS 324). Aside from issues about what it is to create values in the first values have some basis in subjective attitudes of valuing, but as a form of ethical naturalism, arguing that expression of these deriving his evaluative judgments from one or a few foundational free-floating expression of vengeful resentment against some (real or
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